Culture

What The Study Did: This case series describes clinical characteristics of patients who died of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China.

Authors: Haibo Qiu, M.D., Ph.D., of Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University in Jiangsu, China, is the corresponding author.

To access the embargoed study: Visit our For The Media website at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/

(doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5619)

Editor's Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, conflicts of interest and financial disclosures, and funding and support.

What The Article Says: An essay discusses the challenges associated with caring for patients with cancer during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy.

Authors: Filippo Pietrantonio, M.D., and Marina Chiara Garassino, M.D., of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori in Milan, are the authors.

To access the embargoed study: Visit our For The Media website at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/

(doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.1426)

Editor's Note: The article includes conflict of interest disclosures. Please see the articles for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, conflicts of interest and financial disclosures, and funding and support.

What The Study Did: This study investigates the neurologic symptoms of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China.

Authors: Bo Hu, M.D., Ph.D., and Yanan Li, M.D., Ph.D., of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China, are the corresponding authors.

To access the embargoed study: Visit our For The Media website at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/

(doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127)

Editor's Note: The article includes funding/support disclosures. Please see the articles for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, conflicts of interest and financial disclosures, and funding and support.

What The Viewpoint Says: The article emphasizes the importance of mitigating the mental health consequences of social distancing in the COVID-19 era.

Authors: Sandro Galea, M.D., of the Boston University School of Public Health, is the corresponding author.

To access the embargoed study: Visit our For The Media website at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/

(doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562)

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What The Viewpoint Says: Reasons why U.S. suicide rates may rise in tandem with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are explained in this article that also describes opportunities to expand research and care.

Authors: Mark A. Reger, Ph.D., of the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, and  Seattle, Washington; and the University of Washington in Seattle, is the corresponding author.

To access the embargoed study: Visit our For The Media website at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/

(doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060)

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What The Viewpoint Says: This article offers lessons from Hubei, China, on potential methods to focus on mental health during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Authors: Yu-Tao Xiang, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Macau in the Macao Special Administrative Region, China, is the corresponding author.

To access the embargoed study: Visit our For The Media website at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/

(doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1057)

Editor's Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

While everybody agrees that our blue planet is rich in water, this observation is at odd, first, with the exploration of other rocky planets, genuinely lacking surface water, and second, with the idea of a giant impact between the proto-Earth and a planetary embryo the size of Mars that created the Moon. Such a catastrophic event should have vaporized any pre-existing water, leaving behind a dry Earth. After the giant impact catastrophe, we have thus two options to explain the presence of water on Earth : either water was brought back later, after the catastrophe, notably by icy or water-rich asteroids; or the giant impact was not big enough to vaporize all the water on Earth.

Because of the importance of water to sustain life, the question of the origin of water on Earth is primordial. A major challenge in investigating this question is that Earth has lost all the traces of its formation since it is an active planet.

A team of numerical modelers and geochemists led by Cédric Gillmann - Université libre de Bruxelles, ULB, funded by the EoS project ET-HoME - has decided to look far beyond Earth - up to Venus - to investigate the origin of terrestrial water.

While Earth and Venus could be considered as twin sisters, their respective geological and climatic evolutions diverged dramatically in the past, leading to Venus' present-day 92 bar atmosphere heated by an infernal greenhouse up to 470°C, opposed to the mild conditions and only 1 bar pressure at the surface of Earth.

However, Venus' volcanic activity and outgassing are reduced compared to Earth, because it has no plate tectonics, but has a stagnant lid instead. Even better, such a convection mode implies very little recycling of volatile species into the mantle.

As such, despite being an inferno, the evolution of the atmosphere of Venus is much easier to understand and model over geological times. In addition, because of their proximity, the Earth and Venus should have received the same type of material during their history. All these aspects combine to make Venus a perfect place to study the primitive evolution of terrestrial planets.

Using numerical simulations of impacts of different types of asteroids containing various amount of water, the team has discovered that water-rich asteroids colliding with Venus and releasing their water as vapor cannot explain the composition of Venus atmosphere as we measure it today. It means that the asteroidal material that came to Venus, and thus to Earth, after the giant impact must have been dry, therefore preventing the replenishment of the Earth in water.

Because water can obviously be found on our planet today, it means that the water we are now enjoying on Earth has been there since its formation, likely buried deep in the Earth so it could survive the giant impact.

This idea has very deep implications in terms of habitability of ancient Earth, Venus and Mars, as it suggests that planets likely formed with their near-full budget in water, and slowly lost it with time. Because Mars is much smaller, it likely lost all its water while life developed on Earth. For Venus, those results shine a complementary light on recent work advocating that water oceans existed at the surface of the planet, and help constrain the maximum amount of water that can be expected on Venus. They will also help prepare the next generation of space missions to Venus.

One of the major objectives in biology is to understand the factors and mechanisms that have led to the diversification of species on earth. Plant-feeding insects are the most diversified group of organisms on earth, and they account for more than 40% of all insects. There have been numerous studies into the diversification patterns and driving forces looking at host plants, however, interactions with other organisms had yet to be accounted for.

The study Evolutionary diversification of Japanese Stomaphis aphids (Aphididae, Lachninae) in relation to their host plant use and ant association, set out to understand the driving force that generated evolutionary diversification of the plant-feeding, ant-associated Stomaphis aphid through their long evolutionary history. Aphids are known to have established a mutualistic relationship with ants by providing them with honeydew in exchange for protection from their natural enemies and receiving hygienic services. Aphids are relatively large and remain sedentary due to their need to suck sap from tree trunks.

Scientists have long thought that diversity was a result of aphids shifting their host plants to other closely related plant species. Or did they diversify through a shift of mutualistic partners such as body guard ants? Some aphid traits, morphological (structural) and behavioral have evolved to serve their relationship with ants better. For example, the shape and color of aphid bodies are known to suit the type of ant they have a symbiotic relationship with. Aphids and their mutualistic relationship with ants is so ingrained to their lives, they cannot survive without them. The question is, which had a stronger influence on the aphids diversification? The host plants, or mutualistic ants? The relative importance of host plants and mutualistic partners in structuring evolutionary diversification of a group of insects had yet to be fully investigated.

The research group lead by Tetsuya Yamamoto and Takao Itino of Shinshu University studied 160 Stomaphis aphid colonies at 34 sites in Japan to find out. Currently there have been 33 species and 4 subspecies of Stomaphis aphids described world-wide. Most are specific to one plant species or genus. The researchers searched for known host plants and followed Lasius ant trails to find the aphid colonies. The researchers then examined the mitochondrial DNA using Bayesian information criterion. This is a method of interpreting probability, and scientists get insight into the most likely lineages based on the mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. The scientists were able to identify 38 haplotypes of the aphids by using molecular phylogenetic analysis. They found that evolutionary diversification of Stomaphis aphids was generated primarily through host plant shifts, rather than associated ant species because there was a high degree of specificity between of each lineage and haplotype of Stomaphis aphids to their host plant species with no overlap, while almost all lineages of Stomaphis aphids were associated with two or more ant species.

Although the group showed that Stomaphis aphids evolutionarily diversified through host plant shifts, the remarkable finding that came as a surprise was that Stomaphis aphids had not shifted between closely related plant species, but between very distantly related host plant taxa. Even to different plant orders, from oaks to pine trees! It is very unusual to observe such insect host shifts between very distantly related host plant taxa.

The group hope to continue research to find the factors responsible for the host specificity of Stomaphis aphids. They hypothesize that the dependence of Stomaphis on long-lasting Lasius ant colonies situated in temperate deciduous forests where Lasius is the dominant ant genus may have led the aphids to shift to distantly related but spatially adjacent host tree species so they can potentially feed on both. Their ultimate goal is to better understand the role of ants and plants that shape plant-feeding insect evolution.

"Hair surface engineering: modification of fibrous materials of biological origin using functional ceramic nano containers", a project headed by Rawil Fakhrullin, is supported by the Russian Science Foundation.

Dr. Fakhrullin explains, "We will modify the surface of hair and other fibrous materials of natural origin by the directed formation of nano-structured layers based on functional inorganic ceramic nano containers carrying a variety of organic components. Materials of natural origin are hypoallergenic, comfortable to use, but they have rather low wear resistance, and they are prone to deformation and biodegradation. Directed modification of properties using functionalized nano materials will significantly expand the field of application of natural fibers."

Based on the close similarity of the microstructure of fibrous materials of natural origin and mammalian hair, the scientists are going to create a universal technology for modifying the surface of fibers of biological origin for use in the textile and cosmetic industries.

&laquoBy modifying the fibrous structures of natural origin, it will be possible to change their aesthetic properties (color, texture and smell), protect them from biodegradation by applying antibacterial, fungicidal and insecticidal preparations, as well as increase the fire resistance of fabrics and non-woven materials based on wool, cotton, linen and silk,» elaborates Fakhrullin.

KFU bionanotechnologists will develop methods for modifying human hair. With their help, it will be possible not only to change the color of the hair, thickness, texture and aroma, but also to protect the structure of the hair and skin under them from ultraviolet radiation.

In addition, using these methods, the project head is convinced, it will be possible to create tools for applying topical anti-inflammatory drugs based on functional nano containers. When applied to human hair in affected areas of the skin, they will provide a prolonged gradual release of drugs. Veterinary preparations with a similar principle of action can be applied to the fur of farm and domestic animals for medicinal purposes.

In the process, scientists will also study the fundamental processes of self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles on the surface of biological fibers and determine the optimal parameters for the directed modification of the properties of fibrous materials.

"Inorganic nano particles of various origin, biopolymers and their complexes will be used to study the patterns of self-assembly of nanoparticles on the surface of fibers," Fakhrullin concludes.

WASHINGTON, D.C., April 10 - Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists and their colleagues have discovered a gene that can be used to develop varieties of wheat that will be more resistant to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), a disease that is a major threat both overseas and to the nation's $10 billion annual wheat crop.

A paper reporting the discovery and the cloning of the gene, known as Fhb7, was published today in the journal Science. The study was led by scientists at the Shandong Agricultural University in Shandong, China and co-authors include ARS researchers Guihua Bai and Lanfei Zhao in Manhattan, Kansas, and Steven Xu in Fargo, North Dakota.

The discovery is a major advance in addressing a significant threat to the world's wheat supply. FHB, also known as "scab," is caused by a fungal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, and results in significant losses in the United States, China, Canada, Europe, and many other countries. It also attacks barley and oats.

When the pathogen grows unchecked in infected grains, it releases mycotoxins that can induce vomiting in humans, as well as weight loss in livestock when they refuse to eat the grains.

The prevalence and severity of FHB outbreaks also could potentially be exacerbated by climate change and varying weather conditions, and by an increasing trend toward more corn production and no-till farming, which both may be increasing the prevalence of the pathogen in fields. Growers often must use fungicides to reduce FHB damage.

The researchers found that the gene effectively reduces FHB by detoxifying the mycotoxins secreted by the pathogen. The gene also confers resistance to crown rot, a wheat disease caused by a related pathogen.

The researchers originally identified the gene in Thinopyrum wheatgrass, a wild relative of wheat that has been previously used to develop varieties of wheat with beneficial traits, such as rust resistance and drought tolerance. They cloned the gene and introduced it into seven wheat cultivars with different genetic profiles to study its effects on plants grown under field conditions.

The results showed that the gene not only conferred resistance to scab in the new plants, but it also had no negative effects on yield or other significant traits.

The study sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms that can make wheat, as well as barley and oats, resistant to the pathogen that causes FHB. New varieties of wheat with better FHB resistance using Fhb7 are expected to be available in a few years, the researchers say.

PHILADELPHIA--A prospective "PARP inhibitor" drug that has struggled to show effectiveness in clinical trials against cancers can be structurally modified to greatly increase its power to kill tumor cells, researchers from Penn Medicine report this week in Science.

The team also showed that PARP inhibitor compounds can be "tuned" in the opposite way so that they inhibit PARP-1 enzymes without killing cells, thus potentially making this class of drugs more useful for treating heart disease and other non-cancer conditions where inhibiting PARP-1 is the goal.

"We can now use this new understanding of how PARP inhibitors work to design compounds that are better tailored for specific conditions such as cancers vs. heart disease," said senior author Ben Black, PhD, the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics and co-director of the Penn Center for Genome Integrity at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

PARP-1 is a DNA-repair enzyme that becomes particularly important for cell survival when other major DNA-repair factors such as BRCA proteins are missing. PARP inhibitors, of which four have been approved so far by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, are thus considered especially promising as treatments for cancers driven by BRCA gene mutations. Tumor cells driven by BRCA mutations typically lack any BRCA-based DNA-repair capability, and their exposure to a PARP inhibitor further degrades their ability to fix DNA breaks, making the cells much more likely to die. PARP inhibitors have been shown to improve cancer patient outcomes when used alone or in combination with therapies such as chemo and radiation that induce DNA damage.

Despite promising clinical results for several PARP-1 inhibitors, a mystery has surrounded this drug class. All of these compounds bind tightly to the active site of the PARP-1 enzyme and thus all should inhibit the enzyme very effectively--yet only some of these compounds show potency at killing tumor cells, while others don't.

In recent years, scientists have found increasing evidence that PARP inhibitors kill cancer cells not just by inhibiting PARP-1 activity, but also by somehow trapping PARP-1 enzymes on the DNA breaks they are attempting to fix. Keeping PARP-1 enzymes stuck to a cell's DNA effectively kills the cell when it attempts to divide--and cancer cells divide relatively frequently. The idea that PARP inhibitors vary in their abilities to "trap" PARP-1 enzymes on DNA has emerged as a potential explanation for these compounds' variable cancer-killing effects.

In the new study, Black and his team used sophisticated and sensitive techniques to show that PARP inhibitors bind to the PARP-1 enzyme in ways that weaken or strengthen the enzyme's attachment to DNA breaks. These techniques, which include atomic level structural determination and probing the dynamics of the amide protons of the backbone of PARP-1, go beyond what previous research has done to understand how PARP inhibitors actually work. Veliparib, a PARP-1 inhibitor that has puzzled pharmaceutical scientists with its failure in recent clinical trials against breast and lung cancers, turns out to weaken PARP-1's grip on DNA, which in principle makes it easier for a veliparib-treated tumor cell to survive.

The team showed, however, that they could chemically modify veliparib to greatly boost its ability to trap PARP-1 on DNA. This in turn greatly boosted its cancer-cell-killing effects in experiments with different types of cancer cell.

"It was clear that the increased potency of the new compound relative to unmodified veliparib is due to its increased ability to keep PARP-1 bound to DNA breaks," Black said.

The work greatly clarifies the complex interaction between PARP-1 inhibitors and the PARP-1 enzyme, and shows how variations in this interaction correspond to different cell-killing effects. In principle, Black noted, this improved understanding can now be used not only to design more potent anticancer PARP-1 inhibitors, but also to design PARP-1 inhibitors that don't kill cells by trapping PARP-1 on DNA.

The latter could be useful in treating inflammation, heart disease, stroke, and other conditions that have been shown to involve excessive PARP-1 activity, potentially including COVID-19.

TROY, N.Y. -- An instrument currently aboard the International Space Station could grow E. coli bacteria in space, opening a new path to bio-manufacturing drugs during long term space flights. Research published today in Nature Microgravity used an Earth-bound simulator of the space station instrument to grow E. coli, demonstrating that it can be nurtured with methods that promise to be more suitable for space travel than existing alternatives.

"If we can get microorganisms to grow well in space, astronauts can use them to make pharmaceuticals on demand. This could be vital for survival on long missions where resupplying is not an option." said Richard Bonocora, senior author and a faculty member in the Department of Biological Sciences at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. "Here we were asking: 'Is there a better way to grow microorganisms that what is currently being used is space?' And what we find is that --with shear force-- yes, there likely is."

With promising results, the team hopes to conduct a similar experiment aboard the space station. And while they're starting with E. coli, the workhorse of molecular biology, the team hopes to eventually use the instrument to grow microorganisms with radiation resistance, which could protect developing pharmaceuticals from the ever-present radiation of space as they are produced.

Bacteria like E. coli need oxygen to grow, and the gold standard method for aerating bacteria in a liquid growth medium uses an orbital shaker, a machine that horizontally shakes a platform on which the vessels containing the liquid can be stowed. The shaker relies on the force of gravity to swirl the liquid contents, which rise and fall within a flask, mixing oxygen with the liquid.

But Bonocora and his research team believe an instrument sent to the space station in July, 2019 could do a better job. Inspired by the research of Rensselaer professor Amir Hirsa, the NASA-built instrument uses shearing force, the force created at the boundary of two bodies pushing in opposite directions from one another, similar to that which occurs at the fault lines between tectonic plates. The instrument uses a syringe to dispense a drop of liquid which forms a bubble. One side of the bubble adheres to a stationary ring, while the other side adheres to a thin ring that can rotate. The rotating ring creates shear force on the surface of the bubble, swirling its contents.

Watch a video about how the instrument is being used to research proteins in space.

The shearing instrument is currently being used to carry out Hirsa's experiments studying the effects of shear stress on amyloid fibrils, clusters of proteins that are linked to neurodegenerative disease like diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's.

On Earth, Bonocora used a knife-edge viscometer, an instrument designed by Hirsa's group, in which the tip of a metal tube rotates --similar to the rotating ring in the space-based instrument-- at the surface of liquid in a dish to simulate the shearing force. The experiment tested how well bacteria grew when aerated by the knife-edge viscometer and an orbital shaker, with both instruments used at various speeds.

At higher speeds, bacteria aerated by the knife-edge viscometer showed growth rates approaching that of the orbital shaker. Even at lower speeds shear force produced significantly more growth than samples of bacteria that were not mechanically aerated.

"This is a viable way of growing microorganisms. We're starting on a new path, and now we need to think about a more real-life environment, such as on the space station," said Bonocora.

"Space-based pharmaceutical manufacturing is a critical component of our efforts to safely send humans deeper into the solar system. This research is fundamental to that goal," said Curt Breneman, dean of the School of Science. "The successful collaboration between Rick and Amir's teams speaks to our long-standing ties to space exploration, and is one of many examples of the culture of 'low walls' to interdisciplinary research that we are proud to nurture at Rensselaer."

Bonocora and Hirsa were joined by Joe Adams and Shreyash Gulati in this research. "Growth of microorganisms in an interfacially-driven space bioreactor analog" was supported with funding from NASA.

Screening DNA of Parkinson's patients in the Christine Van Broeckhoven laboratory (VIB-UAntwerpen Center for Molecular Neurology) identified a new risk gene for Parkinson's disease. Mutations in ATP10B resulted in loss of ATP10B protein. The function of the ATP10B gene was revealed by the Peter Vangheluwe lab (KU Leuven, Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems). They identified ATP10B as a transporter for glucosylceramide, a lipid that plays a central role in Parkinson's disease. Disease mutations disturb this function. Also, a reduced expression of ATP10B leads to neuronal loss and sensitizes neurons to environmental risk factors of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, ATP10B is emerging as an interesting therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease affects over 10 million people worldwide and more than 2 million people in Europe. Clinically, patients display a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms, impeding their ability to perform basic everyday activities. With currently no effective therapy, the chronic and progressive nature of Parkinson's disease has a profound impact on the quality of life of patients and caregivers.

The identification of Parkinson's disease genes and mutations contributed substantially to our understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. In 5 to 15% of Parkinson's patients, genetic studies identified mutations in different genes that explained the segregation of disease in Parkinson's families between generations. Familial mutations are considered high penetrant, meaning that the carrier of the mutation is highly likely to get Parkinson's disease during lifespan. In the larger part of non-familial Parkinson's patients, so-called sporadic patients, much less is known of the genetic contribution to Parkinson's disease, but several genes have been associated with increased genetic disease risk. In sporadic patients, different risk genes and mutations, in combination with environmental factors, might contribute to the overall genetic etiology of sporadic Parkinson's disease.

Identification of the ATP10B gene

Mutations in ATP10B were identified by Stefanie Smolders in the VIB-UAntwerpen laboratory in children with Parkinson's disease at early age while the parents were healthy. These children carried two mutations in ATP10B, one on each chromosome inherited from the parents, mimicking recessive inheritance. In a group of 617 unrelated Parkinson's patients she identified another six carriers of two ATP10B mutations. Among the carriers we observed a high variability in the onset age at disease. This can indicate that the combination of multiple mutations might have different effects on ATP10B expression leading to variable losses of ATP10B protein and function.

From risk gene to disease mechanism

Shaun Martin in the KU Leuven team studied the gene function of ATP10B and found that ATP10B works as a transporter that removes lipids out of the lysosome, the compartment in the cell that degrades and recycles obsolete cell material. In particular, ATP10B transports glucosylceramide, a lipid that plays an important role in Parkinson's disease. This process is disturbed by the disease mutations. ATP10B is important to preserve the health of the lysosomes and protects neuronal cells against environmental risk factors of Parkinson's disease.

A new potential target for therapeutic intervention

A better understanding of key targets and pathways in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis is necessary to overcome the major hurdle in the development of effective therapies for the disease. Glucosylceramide homeostasis seems to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. With the identification and characterization of ATP10B, we provide a new potential target involved in glucosylceramide homeostasis to tackle Parkinson's disease. Without any doubt, strategies to modulate ATP10B activity will be further explored for Parkinson's disease therapy, which is already under investigation by our teams and has raised interest of pharmaceutical companies.

Action real-time strategy video games such as World of Warcraft, Age of Empires, and Total War are played by millions. These games, which can be won through strategic planning, selective attention, sensorimotor skills, and teamwork place considerable demands on the brain.

Research has shown that experience of playing games can improve cognitive development such as greater sensitivity to contrasts, better eye-to-hand coordination, and superior memory. But the long-term effects of gaming on a key cognitive function called temporal visual selective attention - the capacity to distinguish between important and irrelevant information within a rapid stream of visual stimuli - has never been studied.

Here, researchers show for the first time that expert players of real-time strategy games have faster information processing, allocate more cognitive power to individual visual stimuli, and allocate limited cognitive resources between successive stimuli more effectively through time. These findings in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience suggest that playing such games can cause long-term changes in the brain and lead to an improvement in temporal visual selective attention.

"Our aim was to evaluate the long-term effect of experience with action real-time strategy games on temporal visual selective attention," says author Dr Diankun Gong, Associate Professor in the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.

"In particular, we wanted to reveal the time course of cognitive processes during the attentional blink task, a typical task used by neuroscientists to study visual selective attention."

Attentional blink is the tendency of focused observers to "blink" - that is, to fail to properly register - a visual stimulus if it appears so quickly after a previous stimulus that cognitive processing of the first hasn't finished. In a typical blink task, human subjects are shown a stream of digits and letters in quick succession (with 100 ms intervals) and asked to press a button each time they see one of two target letters (for example D and M).

People often "blink" a second target if it appears within 200-500 ms of the first, and electroencephalograms (EEGs) suggest that this is due to competition for cognitive resources between the first stimulus - with the need to encode it in working and episodic memory, and to select the appropriate response - versus the second. In other words, people often fail to register M because brain resources are temporarily used up by the ongoing need to process any D shown more than 200 ms and less than 500 ms earlier.

To study the effect of gaming on temporal visual selective attention, Gong and colleagues selected 38 volunteers, health young male students from the University of Electronic Science and Technology. Half of the volunteers were expert players of the typical action real-time strategy game League of Legend, where teammates work together to destroy the towers of an opposing team. They had played the game for at least two years and were masters, based on their ranking among the top 7% of players. The others were beginners, with less than six months experience of the same game, and ranked among the bottom 30-45%. All volunteers were seated in front of a screen and tested in a blink task, with 480 trials over a period of approximately 2 h. The greater a volunteer's tendency to "blink" targets, the less frequently he would press the correct button when one of the two targets appeared on the screen, and the worse he did overall in the task.

The volunteers also wore EEG electrodes on the parietal (i.e. sides and top) region of their scalp, allowing the researchers to measure and localize the brain's activity throughout the experiment. These electrodes recorded Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), tiny electric potentials (from -6 to 10 μV) that last from 0 to 800 ms after each non-blinked stimulus, and which represent the neural processes for registering and consolidating its memory. The researchers focused on the so-called P3b phase of the ERP, a peak between 200 and 500 ms after the stimulus, because previous research has shown that its timing and amplitude accurately reflects performance in the blink task: the later P3b occurs and the less pronounced it is, the more likely it is that a stimulus will be "blinked".

"We found that expert League of Legend players outperformed beginners in the task. The experts were less prone to the blink effect, detecting targets more accurately and faster, and as shown by their stronger P3b, gave more attentional cognitive resources to each target," says coauthor Dr Weiyi Ma, Assistant Professor in Human Development and Family Sciences at the University of Arkansas, USA.

"Our results suggest that long-term experience of action real-time strategy games leads to improvements in temporal visual selective attention: the expert gamers had become more effective in distributing limited cognitive resources between successive visual targets," says author Dr Tiejun Liu. "We conclude that such games can be a powerful tool for cognitive training."

Dr. Hyoungchul Kim's research team, from the Center for Energy Materials Research at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST, Acting President Yoon, Seok-jin), have successfully developed a sulfide-based *superionic conductor that can be used to a high-performance solid electrolyte in all-solid-state batteries. This new material delivers the Li-ion conductivity of 10.2 mS/cm at room temperature and is comparable to that of liquid electrolytes used for typical Li-ion batteries. The research team has also reported a new synthesis technology that can reduce the processing time of existing synthesis technologies by more than one third. We expect that this technology will greatly accelerate the mass production of superionic solid electrolyte materials and contribute to the commercialization of all-solid-state batteries.

* Superionic conductor: A material with high ion transport property corresponding to ion conductivity of 10 to 100 mS/cm at room temperature. These materials have been receiving much attention recently as they are used as electrolytes in various electrochemical devices such as batteries, fuel cells, and sensors.

Currently, Li-ion batteries based on liquid electrolytes are mainly used for batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage devices. However, as battery safety issues have recently been raised several times, various concerns about the use of existing batteries using flammable liquid electrolytes have increased. To solve this safety issue, all-solid-state battery technology, in which all battery components are replaced with solid materials, has recently attracted great attention. However, unlike a liquid electrolyte in which Li-ions can freely move, a solid electrolyte has a low Li-ion conductivity of 1/10 to 1/100 of that of a liquid electrolyte because the movement of Li-ions is confined within a rigid solid lattice. This is one of the most important and difficult challenges in the development of all-solid-state battery technology, and its technical and economic value is very great.

Dr. Kim's research team at KIST has developed a solid electrolyte with superionic conductivity using a sulfide-based crystalline structure called **argyrodite. Meanwhile, this crystal structure had high expectations for utilization due to its high Li-ion concentration and structural stability, but its Li-ion conductivity remained below 4 mS/cm due to the structural uniqueness of Li-ions trapped in the octahedral cage in the argyrodite crystal. The research team has newly developed a novel Li-ion pathway that crosses the octahedral cage by applying a technique for selectively substituting chlorine, a halogen element, at specific atomic positions. The new solid electrolyte material, developed by KIST researchers, has an Li-ion conductivity of 10.2 mS/cm, which is equivalent to that of a conventional liquid electrolyte at room temperature, and still maintains electrochemical stability under various battery operating conditions.

**Argyrodite: A crystal structure that was discovered in the mineral of Ag8GeS6 by Clemens Winkler in 1886. Recently, much research has been conducted on replacing cation sites with alkali metals such as Li and applying them to electrochemical devices.

In addition, the new synthesis method reported by KIST research team has attracted more attention as it is possible to maximize the mass productivity of superionic solid electrolyte materials. While the conventional ***solid-state reaction process requires more than several days of processing time, this study proposed a simple synthesis method that combines the nanocrystalline nucleation process and an infrared rapid heat treatment technology to shorten the process time to within 10 hours.

***Solid-state reaction process: A dry-based material process in which one or more solid reaction products are formed with the diffusion of elementary particles. It generally requires high-temperature heat treatment in order to make reactions to occur at an appropriate rate.

According to Dr. Kim, "In the field of all-solid-state battery technology, foreign researchers including Japan are leading the research. In this study, there is great significance in developing a high-performance solid electrolyte material with excellent mass productivity." He further comments, "Synthesis of superionic sulfide materials through rapid process is very likely to be commercialized, and can be widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage system as a solid electrolyte in the future."