For an amputee, replacing a missing limb with a functional prosthetic can alleviate physical or emotionaldistress and mean a return of vocational ability or cosmetics. Studies show, however, that up to 50 percent ofhand amputees still do not use their prosthesis regularly due to less than ideal functionality, appearance, andcontrollability.But Silvestro Micera, of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, is paving the wayfor new, smart prosthetics that connect directly to the nervous system. The benefits are more versatile prostheticswith intuitive motor control and realistic sensory feedback—in essence, they could one day return dexterityand the sensation of touch to an amputee.
At the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Boston,Micera reports the results of previous work conducting a four-week clinical trial that improved sensory feedbackin amputees by using intraneural electrodes implanted into the median and ulnar nerves. This interfaceholds great promise because of its ability to create an intimate and natural connection with the nerves, andbecause it is less invasive than other methods. It also provides fast, intuitive, bidirectional flow of informationbetween the nervous system and the prosthetic, resulting in a more realistic experience and ultimatelyimproved function.
"We could be on the cusp of providing new and more effective clinical solutions to amputees in the next years,"says Micera, who is Head of the Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory at EPFL and Professor at theScuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Italy.Micera and colleagues tested their system by implanting intraneural electrodes into the nerves of an amputee.The electrodes stimulated the sensory peripheral system, delivering different types of touch feelings. Then theresearchers analyzed the motor neural signals recorded from the nerves and showed that information relatedto grasping could indeed be extracted. That information was then used to control a hand prosthesis placed nearthe subject but not physically attached to the arm of the amputee.
At AAAS in Boston, Micera also describes his recent activities to improve the efficacy of this approach and announcesa new clinical trial starting soon as part of the Italian Ministry of Health's NEMESIS project, under theclinical supervision of Prof. Paolo M. Rossini. This new trial carries this research a step further by connectingthe prosthetic hand directly to the patient for the first real-time, bidirectional control using peripheral neuralsignals. Though results are not yet available, the researchers hope to find still further improvement in the sensoryfeedback and overall control of the prosthetics with this new method.