Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and blast-induced injuries have become the signature wounds of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan because of the pervasive use of explosive weaponry. Service members of these wars are experiencing higher rates of TBI and blast-induced injury than veterans of any previous conflicts. Gulf War and Health Volume 7: Long-Term Consequences of TBI, a new report from the Institute of Medicine, evaluates the evidence on long-term health effects of TBI and blast-related injuries. It identifies health problems that are caused by or may be connected to TBI and recommends research needed to ensure that effects of blast-induced neurotrauma are identified and understood.