The controversy centres around a family of enzymes known as heme enzymes, due to the presence of a heme group in their active site. At the centre of the heme cofactor is an iron (Fe) atom, which becomes oxidised (ferryl) when a reacting heme is in an intermediate state called Compound I. The question that has remained unanswered for decades is whether this oxidation involves just an oxygen atom (O), or a hydroxyl group (OH). Resolving this fundamental question has implications for understanding oxidative processes within living cells, which is critically important for drug development.
Professors Peter Moody and Emma Raven from the University of Leicester, worked with Dr Matthew Blakeley, Dr Susana Teixeira and Cecilia Casadei from the Institut Laue-Langevin, along with scientists from the Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) and the University of Manchester to solve the mystery of the ferryl heme Compound I structure using a method that has not previously been applied to this problem: neutron crystallography.
Structures of proteins are commonly determined using X-ray crystallography, however hydrogen atoms are not generally located due to their weak scattering with X-rays. Neutron protein crystallography, on the other hand, allows the positions of the hydrogen atoms to be located, while also avoiding radiation damage of the sample that can occur with X-rays.
The enzyme used in the study was cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP), which was isolated, purified and then crystallised in preparation for the neutron studies. First the neutron structure of CcP in its resting state at room temperature was determined using data collected on the LADI-III instrument at the ILL. Next, a CcP crystal was reacted with hydrogen peroxide to form its Compound I intermediate and immediately cooled to -173° to cryo-trap the intermediate state. Then neutron data were collected on the Compound I crystal at cryogenic temperatures using the BioDiff instrument at FRM-II, allowing the neutron structure of Compound I to be determined.
These images depict x-ray (blue) and neutron (magenta) maps of histidine 52 residue in the two states of the enzyme (left and right).
(Photo Credit: ILL)
And the answer turns out to be… the ferryl heme in Compound I is not protonated. But, unexpectedly, the results showed that one of the amino acid side chains (a histidine) on the molecule is doubly protonated, which raises questions of its own in terms of mechanisms for oxygen activation in heme enzymes.
"Cryo-cooling of the large protein crystals that are required in neutron crystallography was traditionally considered a challenge", said ILL PhD student Cecilia Casadei. "Our work shows the feasibility of this, enabling the low temperature capture of intermediate species in enzyme reaction pathways by neutron crystallography. The LADI-III instrument at the ILL and the BioDiff instrument at FRM-II exploit the unique capabilities of neutron diffraction for the localization of hydrogen atoms in protein structures, which is so often essential for a full understanding of reaction mechanism and catalytic activity."
"This research marks the first time a trapped enzyme intermediate structure has been determined using neutron cryo-crystallography, shedding light on a well-known but unclear catalytic mechanism." said Matthew Blakeley, LADI-III scientist at Institut Laue-Langevin. " Now we have the ability to collect data at various temperatures, this opens the way to address many more complex biological problems using neutron crystallography."
"Finding out where all the hydrogens are is key to understanding the way enzymes work," said Professor Moody. "The ability to capture intermediates at cryogenic temperatures combined with the information available from neutron crystallography, means that we can finally see them."
"The exact structure of ferryl heme has been a long and difficult problem for the heme community to resolve," said Professor Raven. "Through our collaborators in Grenoble and Munich, we have been lucky to have had access to excellent neutron beamlines in Europe, which has meant that we were in an excellent position to try new and different approaches that worked very nicely."
The associated paper in Science cane be found here: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/345/6193/193.abstract
Source: Institut Laue-Langevin